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A Beardless Boy of Seventeen Years

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Even before Aristophanes wrote of Lysistrata’s plan to end the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE) by convincing the women...

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A Life Rediscovered: The Story of Emily Winfree

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Emily Winfree, an African American woman who lived through slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Jim Crow, never...

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A Ninety Day War?

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The small United States Army could be enlarged quickly only by appealing to the states to activate local militia troops...

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Arthur Ashe Jr.’s Family Tree: Tracing the Blackwell Family to 1735

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See a rare family tree, drawn by hand on canvas, tracing Arthur Ashe, Jr.’s family.

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Booker T. Washington

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Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) was born enslaved on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Virginia. After emancipation...

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Camp Greble: A Union encampment near Norfolk, Virginia

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This poignant, detailed plan was drafted in February 1862 by Private Frank Maynicke of the 99th New York State...

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Colored Knights of Pythias Helmet (c. 1890)

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Race has been a divisive issue throughout American history, and this impressive helmet tells part of the story.

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Confederate Imprints

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Before secession, most of the established publishers of booking, broadsides, and sheet music were located in such large...

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Confederate Love Poems

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The most prominent Civil War poetry is poetry of the battlefield.

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Convict Leasing

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For much of the twentieth century, convicts worked on Virginia’s roads. This practice grew out of the convict lease...

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Elizabeth Keckley

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Born a slave in Dinwiddie County, Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley (1818–1907) purchased her freedom in 1855 and supported...

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Freedmen's Schools

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In the antebellum South, African Americans were generally prevented from receiving education. After Appomattox...

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How Did Civilians Suffer?

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White women and children were left to fend for themselves, and many became widows and orphans when one in five...

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How Did Enslaved People Support the Confederacy?

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Enslaved and free black people provided even more labor than usual for Virginia farms when 89 percent of eligible white...

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Industrialization in Virginia

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The 1920 census revealed that, for the first time, more Americans were living in urban areas than rural ones. However...

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James Jones Archive (1870s-1960s)

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With a coat of faded red paint and a crude hand-forged hasp to secure its lid, the simple pine chest – once used to...

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Juneteenth

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Pop Civ is a series developed by the John Marshall Center for Constitutional History & Civics at the VMHC. By connecting...

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Letterhead

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Correspondence between individuals plays an important role in our understanding not only of how people communicated in...

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Liberated Books

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During the Civil War, looting by soldiers was a common practice. The hungry soldier usually confiscated food and...

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Love and War

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Though it has torn many asunder, war has also brought people together.