Speech, Roy Wilkins, 27 February 1958
Speech, Roy Wilkins, 27 February 1958
Speech, Roy Wilkins, 27 February 1958
Introduction | Historical Context | Archival Context | The Document | Activities | Suggested Reading | Standards of Learning
Introduction
One of the most important facets of the civil rights movement was the struggle for school integration. During the 1930s and 1940s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) worked within the confines of "separate but equal" in bringing lawsuits to improve black schools. By the late 1940s, NAACP lawyers changed their strategy, arguing that school segregation was unconstitutional because it violated the "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Historical Context
On 17 May 1954, the United States Supreme Court handed down its unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education, declaring racially segregated schools to be inherently unequal. A year later, in a decision known as Brown II, that same court allowed states and localities a good deal of flexibility in implementing the decision, mandating desegregation "with all deliberate speed."
Governor Stanley appointed a legislative commission, chaired by Senator Gray, to prepare Virginia's official response to Brown. In November 1955, the Gray Commission issued its findings, calling for the creation of local pupil placement boards and the payment of tuition grants to students to attend private schools, if their public schools were integrated. These measures were designed to limit desegregation, and even give localities the means to prevent it entirely if local officials wanted. However, the Gray Plan allowed for the possibility of integration and several Virginia localities indicated they would desegregate their schools if it was enacted. This was unacceptable to the more ardent segregationists. Behind the scenes, U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. called for more drastic measures. In a February 24, 1956 speech, Byrd said, "If we can organize the Southern States for massive resistance to this order I think that in time the rest of the country will realize that racial integration is not going to be accepted in the South." Massive resistance meant no integration anywhere in the state.
At the same time Byrd was pushing the state toward total defiance, James J. Kilpatrick, editor the Richmond News Leader, wrote a series of editorials calling for Interposition. Interposition meant challenging the federal government's constitutional jurisdiction, claiming that the regulation of public education was one of the powers reserved to the states. Interposition had been invoked before—by James Madison in the Virginia Resolutions of 1798—but had never been recognized as anything other than a rhetorical argument. Virtually every legal mind in the state, including attorney general and future governor J. Lindsay Almond, recognized that the doctrine of Interposition, like secession, had been rendered obsolete by the Civil War. On page two of his speech, Wilkins ridicules the theory of Interposition.
Under Byrd's guidance and using Interposition as rationale, the Virginia General Assembly met in special session in August 1956 to enact legislation designed to maintain segregated schools. One law created a state pupil placement board, ensuring that African American plaintiffs would be assigned to all-black schools. The most significant act, however, and the heart of massive resistance, was a law that allowed the governor to close schools in any district under court order to desegregate. Local schools boards could then petition the state to reopen the schools on an integrated basis, but if they chose this route, the governor would cut off state funding to that system. This is what Wilkins means with his reference to the "Rube Goldberg monstrosity" on page two.
Despite the efforts of the Byrd and his supporters, the passage of the massive resistance legislation was not a foregone conclusion. Many in the General Assembly opposed the laws, including Kathryn Stone, a delegate from Arlington. Wilkins alludes to Stone’s mistreatment on page five, chiding conservative Virginians for their lack of chivalry, civility, and sense of fairness.
During the massive resistance session, legislators also passed seven bills designed to obstruct the efforts of the NAACP. Without mentioning the NAACP by name, these bills required any organization that "engaged in promoting or opposing legislation in behalf of one race or color" to register with the State Corporation Commission and provide lists of members and contributors. Other laws prohibited organizations from encouraging and assisting in desegregation lawsuits. Legislative committees were set up to investigate the NAACP. On pages five and six, Wilkins responds to these laws, claiming that NAACP activities were no different from those engaged in by business and trade associations. His allusion to Virginia's apple growers is a reference to Senator Byrd, an orchardist.
In November 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, causing many Americans to question the quality of their public schools. Supporters of school integration often used the threat of the Soviet scientific supremacy to counter the advocates of school-closing. This is the context for Wilkins's remarks (page two) on the academic failures of Georgia students and his comment, "in the face of this record and in their hour of need, it simply does not make sense for a body of legislators to be planning to close public schools."
Wilkins gave this speech at the Mosque (now the Landmark Theater) on February 27, 1958. At this point, Virginia’s massive resistance laws were in effect, but remained untested. In September 1958, under massive resistance, schools were closed in Warren County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk. On January 19, 1959, both the Virginia State Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Virginia’s massive resistance legislation. On February 2, 1959, a handful of black students were admitted to previously all-white schools in Arlington and Norfolk.
Archival Context
This speech was mailed from 404 1/2 N. Second Street, the headquarters of the Richmond Chapter of the NAACP. It was sent to Will Rachal, the editor of the historical society's Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. The speech was accessioned on March 14, 1958, with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People listed as the donor.
The Document
This document consists of eleven typewritten legal-sized pages. The twelfth page is the back of page eleven and has been included to show how the speech was addressed and mailed. Wilkins begins his speech with the sentence, "I appreciate this opportunity to talk again with our members and friends in Virginia (and with our opponents) in the continuing discussion on public school desegregation and the status of Negro citizens in America." Ask your students to think about how an audience that includes both supporters and opponents shaped Wilkins's message. Was Wilkins actually addressing opponents, or was he referring to the invited members of the General Assembly?
Roy Wilkins was a journalist and civil rights leader who served as executive director of the NAACP for twenty-two years. Of him, one biographer writes, "His tenure characterized him as a pragmatist and strategist who believed that reasoned arguments, both in the courtroom and in public discourse, would sway public opinion."
View the slideshow at the bottom of this page to view the entire document in detail.
Activities: Guiding the Analysis
- Begin this activity by viewing or listening to Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream speech. Discuss the speech with your students. Ask about King's audience. Who was Dr. King addressing? Where was the speech given? Under what circumstances? Remind your students of the obvious—that King's speech was taped and televised.
- Have your students read the first paragraph of Roy Wilkins's speech. Who was his audience? Where was the speech given? Under what circumstances? How was his speech different from Dr. King's? Does this difference reflect the different styles of the two men, or the different audiences? Or does it reflect both?
- As your students watch Dr. King's speech, have them listen for the following passage: "I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and while girls as sisters and brothers." Ask your students what Interpositon means. Have them refer to pages one and two of the Wilkins speech and figure it out.
- Have your students read the first four pages of Wilkins's speech. What does he say about Interposition, massive resistance, the importance of public schools, and states' rights?
- Have your students read the rest of the speech. According to Wilkins, why does the Virginia General Assembly target the NAACP? What evidence does Wilkins cite to show the futility of this effort? What evidence does Wilkins cite to demonstrate that the NAACP represents African Americans in Virginia and the rest of the South.
- In debate, speakers often try to prove the hypocrisy of an opponent's arguments. Have your students find examples that demonstrate Wilkins's attempts to prove that the segregationists are hypocrites—that their actions contradict their own values and beliefs.
- Remind your students that the Civil Rights movement and the Cold War occurred at the same time. How does Wilkins use anti-communism and the Soviet threat to his rhetorical advantage? Draw your students' attention to Wilkins's defense against charges that the NAACP is pro-Communist (pages eight and nine). What does Wilkins say? Point out to your students that both advocates and opponents of integration tried to show that their opponents were unpatriotic.
- Read your students the following paragraph from an article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch the day after the Wilkins speech. "About 30 minutes after the program began, 150 seats reserved for invited members of the General Assembly were still empty. Because all the other seats in the 5000-seat Mosque were filled, persons who were standing were invited to fill the empty seats." Ask your students what this suggests about the members of the General Assembly. Then ask them what this suggests about both the general public's interest in the subject and the nature of political discourse. Can they image 5,000 people today sitting in an auditorium and listening to a Wilkins-style speech on a political issue? How do we get information about political issues today? Are we better informed?
- Ask students to ponder the effect of the "all deliberate speed" message sent by the Court in Brown II. Did the implied breathing room granted to states encourage responses like Virginia's massive resistance?
Suggested Reading
- James T. Ely. The Crisis of Conservative Virginia: The Byrd Organization and the Crisis of Massive Resistance.
- Ronald L. Heinemann. Harry Byrd of Virginia.
- Richard Kluger. Simple Justice.
- James Sweeney. Race, Reason, and Massive Resistance: The Diary of David J. Mays, 1954–1959.
- Roy Wilkins. Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins.
Standards of Learning
- VS. 8b
- VS. 9b
- ISII. 3c
- USII. 8a
- VUS. 8c
- VUS. 13a
- VUS. 13b