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Aftermath

"From the political point of view, the murder of John Brown . . . would impart to the Union a creeping fissure that at the

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Beginnings of Black Education

Few black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction. Public

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Brown I and Brown II

In 1950 the NAACP decided that it would no longer file lawsuits seeking equal educational facilities, but only those that

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Conclusion

Throughout the twentieth century and during the past decade, apologists for John Brown have turned out imagery and

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Conclusion - Did the Civil War End at Appomattox?

Lee’s army had become the embodiment of Confederate nationalism, and after its surrender other southern forces soon gave up

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Danville

The most violent episode of the civil rights movement in Virginia occurred in Danville during the summer of 1963—at about the

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Elections from 1832 to 1872

This section contains information and memorabilia on the elections from 1832 to 1872. Scroll down the page to learn more

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Elections from 1924 to 1964

This section contains information and memorabilia on the elections from 1924 to 1964. Scroll down the page to learn more

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Elections from 1968 to 2016

This section contains information and memorabilia on the elections from 1968 to 2016. Scroll down the page to learn more

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Equal Access to Public Accommodations

Although integrating the nation's schools was the first priority of the civil rights movement, the denial of equal access to

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Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington

Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was founded in 1868 by General Samuel Armstrong. He was interested in moral

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Massive Resistance

In 1954, the political organization of U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr., controlled Virginia politics. Senator Byrd promoted

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Memory

Which John Brown have Americans remembered? The crusader for abolition or the bloodthirsty terrorist? Brown was not forgotten

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Ongoing Resistance to Desegregation

By 1964, five years after the end of Massive Resistance, only 5 percent of black students in Virginia were attending

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Political Decline and Westward Migration

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The political stature of Virginia declined on the national stage when no successors of ability emerged to replace the...

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Racial Inequality

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Confederate defeat threatened to change white southern identity. Suddenly African Americans were free to determine the...

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Reconciliation

After Appomattox, Ulysses S. Grant was the savior of the United States, while Robert E. Lee was the greatest hero of the Lost

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Reconstruction

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During the decade following the Civil War, former Confederate states were required to “reconstruct” their state...

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Rising Black Consciousness

Part of the reasoning cited in the Brown decision was that discrimination greatly diminished Black pupils' self-esteem. As

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School Busing

Because Black and white Virginians generally lived in segregated neighborhoods in the mid-twentieth century, race-neutral