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Acknowledgements
An American Turning Point: The Civil War in Virginia is a signature program of the Virginia Sesquicentennial of the American
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An Eyewitness Account of Stonewall Jackson's Wounding
On the second day of the battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 1863, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia experienced its
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Beginnings of Black Education
Few black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction. Public
Research Guide
Civil War in Virginia Published & Primary Sources
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Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was founded in 1868 by General Samuel Armstrong. He was interested in moral
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Made in Virginia
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For more than 400 years, Virginians have been part of a global community—exporting ideas, products, and culture to the...
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Massive Resistance
In 1954, the political organization of U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr., controlled Virginia politics. Senator Byrd promoted
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Ongoing Resistance to Desegregation
By 1964, five years after the end of Massive Resistance, only 5 percent of black students in Virginia were attending
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Online Resources
Anyone conducting research on the Civil War in Virginia is faced with a daunting task. Thousands of books have been written
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Reconciliation
After Appomattox, Ulysses S. Grant was the savior of the United States, while Robert E. Lee was the greatest hero of the Lost
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Reconstruction
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During the decade following the Civil War, former Confederate states were required to “reconstruct” their state...
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Rising Black Consciousness
Part of the reasoning cited in the Brown decision was that discrimination greatly diminished Black pupils' self-esteem. As
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Robert Knox Sneden Chronology
1832 June 3 born in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, British provinces of America 1851 family moves to New York 1858 earliest
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Surviving War – The Home Front
The prospect of life under United States military occupation caused some Virginians in the path of early U.S. advances to
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The Battlefront in Virginia
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Home to the Confederate capital, Virginia became a battleground.
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The Civil War
In the spring of 1861, as the still youthful nation moved ever closer to what would become the Civil War, both Robert E. Lee
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The Green Decision of 1968
By 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court had lost patience with the slow pace of school integration. In New Kent County, Virginia
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The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement was a heroic episode in American history. It aimed to give African Americans the same citizenship rights that whites took for granted.
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W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP
W. E. B. Du Bois was the first black recipient of a Ph.D. from Harvard University. In The Souls of Black Folks, published in
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Waging War - The Battlefront
The easiest way to defeat the secessionist movement seemed to be to capture Richmond, the seat of the Confederate government