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A New Virginia
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In the early twentieth century, the nation’s economy was becoming more industrialized and its population more urbanized.
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Beginnings of Black Education
Few black Virginians received a formal education until public schools were widely established during Reconstruction. Public
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Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute was founded in 1868 by General Samuel Armstrong. He was interested in moral
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Made in Virginia
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For more than 400 years, Virginians have been part of a global community—exporting ideas, products, and culture to the...
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Massive Resistance
In 1954, the political organization of U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr., controlled Virginia politics. Senator Byrd promoted
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Ongoing Resistance to Desegregation
By 1964, five years after the end of Massive Resistance, only 5 percent of black students in Virginia were attending
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Political Decline and Westward Migration
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The political stature of Virginia declined on the national stage when no successors of ability emerged to replace the...
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Racial Inequality
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Confederate defeat threatened to change white southern identity. Suddenly African Americans were free to determine the...
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Reconciliation
After Appomattox, Ulysses S. Grant was the savior of the United States, while Robert E. Lee was the greatest hero of the Lost
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Rising Black Consciousness
Part of the reasoning cited in the Brown decision was that discrimination greatly diminished Black pupils' self-esteem. As
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The Battlefront in Virginia
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Home to the Confederate capital, Virginia became a battleground.
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The Green Decision of 1968
By 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court had lost patience with the slow pace of school integration. In New Kent County, Virginia
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The Growth of Industry
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New industries were emerging in Virginia’s cities. Richmond, Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, and...
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The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement was a heroic episode in American history. It aimed to give African Americans the same citizenship rights that whites took for granted.
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W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP
W. E. B. Du Bois was the first black recipient of a Ph.D. from Harvard University. In The Souls of Black Folks, published in