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Robert E. Lee after the War
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After the Civil War, Robert E. Lee left his life in the military and accepted the position of president of Washington...
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Robert Edward Lee
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![Robert E. Lee A painting of Robert E. Lee in military dress](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_RobertELee.1957.29_medium-CROP.jpg.webp?itok=qb8IWjkJ)
Robert Edward Lee (1807–1870) was born at Stratford in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1807, the son of Revolutionary...
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Robert Knox Sneden's Dispatch Case
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Learn about the dispatch case of Civil War artist and mapmaker Robert Knox Sneden that was acquired in 2017 by the...
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Round Robins of the Pollard Family
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The basic letter was the normal way to communicate throughout most of history, but the idea of having people use a...
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Separate and Unequal: The Breakdown of Segregation in Virginia Schools
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![Teenagers protesting school closings Historic photograph of two black teenage girls protesting school closings](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/Farmville%2BProtest%20%28002%29%20v2.jpg.webp?itok=vR6ip63v)
The Virginia Constitution of 1869 established a statewide system of free public schools. The schools evolved in the...
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Sisters in Law: Justices Sandra Day O’Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg
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Pop Civ is a series developed by the John Marshall Center for Constitutional History & Civics at the VMHC. By connecting...
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Speed or Strength?
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![Speed or Strength? Jedediah Hotchkiss's Compass](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/SpeedOrStrength_VHE_ATP_map-tools-photo-b-IMG_0297-%282%29-light-%282%29.jpeg.webp?itok=bzOLCTAb)
Early in 1862, Confederate general Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson decided to “move swiftly and strike vigorously” against...
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Stamp Act Spoon, 1766
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In order to help fund the expense of defending its American colonies, Great Britain instituted a tax on printed paper...
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The 100th Anniversary of The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
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![The 100th Anniversary of The Tomb of the Unknown Solider Photograph of The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/The100thAnniversaryoftheTomboftheUnknownSoldier_VHC_FW21_iStock-186885853.jpeg.webp?itok=l6xXEpVl)
On November 11, 1921, known as Armistice Day and the anniversary of the end of World War I in 1918, the remains of an...
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The Battle of Five Forks
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![VHE_BattleofFiveForks_Teaser.jpg VHE_BattleofFiveForks_Teaser.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_BattleofFiveForks_Teaser.jpg.webp?itok=zBNMvFFS)
Learn about the Battle of Five Forks during the Civil War.
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The Battle of Five Forks
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Union victory at the Battle of Five Forks resulted in the capture of the Southside Railroad and ushered in the final...
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The Christopher Werle Collection
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Learn about Christopher Werle's work in Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War.
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The D.P. Newton Civil War Collection
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![The D.P. Newton Civil War Collection Items from the D.P. Newton Civil War Collection](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/TheDPNewtonCivilWarCollection_VHC_FW20_DP-Newton_005.jpeg.webp?itok=znM0ic0j)
Danny Patrick (D.P.) Newton caught the Civil War bug as a child, accompanying his father Patrick on excursions through...
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The Deadliest Enemy?
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It wasn’t bullets, but bacteria and viruses. Antibiotics and antiviral drugs—the effective treatments against these...
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The First Modern War?
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![The First Modern War? Painting of the Battle between the Monitor and the Merrimack](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/TheFirstModernWar_VHE_ATP_MonitorMerrimac.1998.53_2.jpeg.webp?itok=ESsQ1wUE)
The technology of the industrial revolution applied to the science of killing made the Civil War a turning point between...
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The Media General Papers and Thomas Jefferson's Letters
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![The Media General Papers Statue of George Washington at the Virginia State Capitol.](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/TheMediaGeneralPapers_GW-Houdon_01.jpeg.webp?itok=7Vm-d2l-)
Richmond-based Media General and its predecessors were led and grown by four generations of the Bryan family.
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The Peaceful Transfer of Power: Oaths and Inaugurations
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The Twentieth Century: Cities, Cars, and Civil Rights
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Technological revolutions, increased urbanization, and advances in civil rights created the commonwealth we know today.
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Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
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Jefferson sent a paper to the Virginia Convention of 1774, later published as A Summary View of the Rights of British...
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Thomas Jefferson’s 1774 Summary View of the Rights of British America
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![A Summary View of the Rights of British America A sepia-toned detail of the typeset A Summary View of the Rights of British America](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/SummaryViewOfRights_e211-j45-1774-rare_Crop.jpg.webp?itok=iz80LRmg)
The importance of Summary View is proven by the reappearance in the Declaration of most of its ideas, beginning with...