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Round Robins of the Pollard Family
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The basic letter was the normal way to communicate throughout most of history, but the idea of having people use a...
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Separate and Unequal: The Breakdown of Segregation in Virginia Schools
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![Teenagers protesting school closings Historic photograph of two black teenage girls protesting school closings](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/Farmville%2BProtest%20%28002%29%20v2.jpg.webp?itok=vR6ip63v)
The Virginia Constitution of 1869 established a statewide system of free public schools. The schools evolved in the...
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Sisters in Law: Justices Sandra Day O’Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg
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![Supreme Court of the United States of America, 2023 Supreme Court of the United States of America, 2023](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/PopCiv_SistersinLaw_SCOTUS2023.jpeg.webp?itok=r6CV-q2D)
Pop Civ is a series developed by the John Marshall Center for Constitutional History & Civics at the VMHC. By connecting...
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Speed or Strength?
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![Speed or Strength? Jedediah Hotchkiss's Compass](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/SpeedOrStrength_VHE_ATP_map-tools-photo-b-IMG_0297-%282%29-light-%282%29.jpeg.webp?itok=bzOLCTAb)
Early in 1862, Confederate general Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson decided to “move swiftly and strike vigorously” against...
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The 100th Anniversary of The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
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![The 100th Anniversary of The Tomb of the Unknown Solider Photograph of The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/The100thAnniversaryoftheTomboftheUnknownSoldier_VHC_FW21_iStock-186885853.jpeg.webp?itok=l6xXEpVl)
On November 11, 1921, known as Armistice Day and the anniversary of the end of World War I in 1918, the remains of an...
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The Christopher Werle Collection
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Learn about Christopher Werle's work in Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War.
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The Peaceful Transfer of Power: Oaths and Inaugurations
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The Twentieth Century: Cities, Cars, and Civil Rights
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Technological revolutions, increased urbanization, and advances in civil rights created the commonwealth we know today.
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United States Colored Troops Muster Rolls
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![United States Colored Troops Muster Rolls Photograph of Company E 4th U.S. Colored Infantry](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/UnitedStatesColoredTroopsMusterRolls_P8_Collections_Soldiers_Gray.jpeg.webp?itok=A0KOVc6x)
Organized at Camp Stanton in Benedict, Maryland, in February 1864, the 30th USCT served in spring campaigns in Virginia...
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Urbanization in Virginia
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![VHE_Urbanization_BroadSt.Richmond.2002.266.41.jpg VHE_Urbanization_BroadSt.Richmond.2002.266.41.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_Urbanization_BroadSt.Richmond.2002.266.41.jpg.webp?itok=kl_JlMML)
Learn about the process of urbanization in Virginia.
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Victory Gardens
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First promoted during World War I, war gardening, or victory gardens, provided American citizens an opportunity to...
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Virginia's Constitution
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The delegates who gathered in convention in Richmond in 1901 to rewrite Virginia’s Constitution had no doubt about why...
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Virginia’s Star Political Cartoonists
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Virginia has been home to many well-known politicians and artists, but it can also lay claim to several prominent...
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Walter Washington Foster Glass Plate Negatives Collection
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![KirksmithSisters.1991.1.28574.jpg KirksmithSisters.1991.1.28574.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/KirksmithSisters.1991.1.28574.jpg.webp?itok=aRIS1GdJ)
Originally from Norfolk, Walter Washington Foster relocated to Richmond, where he worked in partnership with other...
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War Stories: Commemorating the Centennial of World War I
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![War StoriesL Commemorating the Centennial of World War I A photograph of an American Red Cross Volunteer.](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/WarStoriesCommemoratingTheCentennial_P14_WWI_Lunch_CMYK.jpeg.webp?itok=4_CXfQuI)
World War I had a dramatic impact on the nation and our Commonwealth. For Virginia, perhaps one of the most significant...
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West Virginia v. EPA
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![President Nixon signs the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) on January 1, 1970. President Nixon signs the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) on January 1, 1970.](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/Popciv20_Nixon.jpeg.webp?itok=XIMa8qji)
How has America wrestled with the debate over regulation versus growth of industry, and how does the Supreme Court’s...
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What Exactly Is A Shadow Docket?
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Who Freed the Enslaved People?
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![Who Freed the Enslaved People? Painting of President Lincoln writing the Proclamation of Freedom by David Gilmore Blythe](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/WhoFreedTheEnslavedPeople_VHE_ATP_LC-DIG-ppmsca-18444.jpeg.webp?itok=zYcrzehk)
Two years of fighting changed what the war was about. Beginning in 1863, the North no longer fought only to save the...
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Who was Oliver Hill?
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The VMHC has a group of items that belonged to Oliver W. Hill, Sr., a prominent Richmond civil rights attorney, donated...
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Why is there a West Virginia?
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![Why is there a West Virginia? A drawing of Confederates gathering in the Shenandoah Valley.](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/WhyIsThereAWestVirginia_VHE_ATP_IrregularTroops.2000.165.3.jpeg.webp?itok=9uWgE1j1)
Secession from Virginia was the hope of some western Virginians as early as 1829. Many western Virginians felt...