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Juneteenth
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![Juneteenth Flag Juneteenth Flag](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/PopCiv_Juneteenth_Flag.png.webp?itok=zFWtlf45)
Pop Civ is a series developed by the John Marshall Center for Constitutional History & Civics at the VMHC. By connecting...
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Martha (Dandridge) Custis Washington
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![VHE_MarthaWashington.1857.3_teaser.jpg VHE_MarthaWashington.1857.3_teaser.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_MarthaWashington.1857.3_teaser.jpg.webp?itok=MvRERM1q)
This portrait of Martha Washington (1731–1802) is the work of Charles Willson Peale, who also painted the sitter several...
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Murals Inspired by the Story of Virginia
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![Still Relevant by Ed Trask Ed Trask paints a mural of flowers](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/FreshPaint_StillRelevant_DSC0887_e1%20copy.jpg.webp?itok=vx9S_GnP)
Richmond is now home to more than 100 outdoor murals, and this popular form of artwork reflects the city’s modernity and...
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On Dueling
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In the United States and elsewhere, traditional and patriarchal conceptions of honor prescribed that men could respond...
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Political Sheet Music
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![Never Swap Horses When You're Crossing a Stream Never Swap Horses When You're Crossing a Stream](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_Political%20music_NeverSwapHorses.jpg.webp?itok=wXxa00If)
Politicians have long appreciated the value of a campaign song during an election year. A popular tune can rally the...
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Separate and Unequal: The Breakdown of Segregation in Virginia Schools
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![Teenagers protesting school closings Historic photograph of two black teenage girls protesting school closings](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/Farmville%2BProtest%20%28002%29%20v2.jpg.webp?itok=vR6ip63v)
The Virginia Constitution of 1869 established a statewide system of free public schools. The schools evolved in the...
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Silver in Virginia
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![SilverService.2003.390.57.A_C.jpg SilverService.2003.390.57.A_C.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/SilverService.2003.390.57.A_C.jpg.webp?itok=3h2z90ki)
Colonial Virginians acquired much of their important silver from London. After the Revolution, population growth, a...
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Speed or Strength?
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![Speed or Strength? Jedediah Hotchkiss's Compass](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/SpeedOrStrength_VHE_ATP_map-tools-photo-b-IMG_0297-%282%29-light-%282%29.jpeg.webp?itok=bzOLCTAb)
Early in 1862, Confederate general Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson decided to “move swiftly and strike vigorously” against...
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Stamp Act Spoon, 1766
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![Stamp Act Spoon A spoon](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/Stamp-Act-Spoon_stampactspoon-1972-12_front_0.jpg.webp?itok=FhfU0jgh)
In order to help fund the expense of defending its American colonies, Great Britain instituted a tax on printed paper...
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The 100th Anniversary of The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
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![The 100th Anniversary of The Tomb of the Unknown Solider Photograph of The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/The100thAnniversaryoftheTomboftheUnknownSoldier_VHC_FW21_iStock-186885853.jpeg.webp?itok=l6xXEpVl)
On November 11, 1921, known as Armistice Day and the anniversary of the end of World War I in 1918, the remains of an...
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The Media General Papers and Thomas Jefferson's Letters
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![The Media General Papers Statue of George Washington at the Virginia State Capitol.](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/TheMediaGeneralPapers_GW-Houdon_01.jpeg.webp?itok=7Vm-d2l-)
Richmond-based Media General and its predecessors were led and grown by four generations of the Bryan family.
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The Peaceful Transfer of Power: Oaths and Inaugurations
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Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
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![VHE_ThomasJefferson_teaser.jpg VHE_ThomasJefferson_teaser.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_ThomasJefferson_teaser.jpg.webp?itok=EUHGdBq-)
Jefferson sent a paper to the Virginia Convention of 1774, later published as A Summary View of the Rights of British...
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Thomas Jefferson’s 1774 Summary View of the Rights of British America
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![A Summary View of the Rights of British America A sepia-toned detail of the typeset A Summary View of the Rights of British America](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/SummaryViewOfRights_e211-j45-1774-rare_Crop.jpg.webp?itok=iz80LRmg)
The importance of Summary View is proven by the reappearance in the Declaration of most of its ideas, beginning with...
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Tiny Tomes
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Defined as no more than three inches in height or width, miniature books were first produced with convenience in mind...
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Valentines
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![Valentine.2003.87.1.jpg Valentine.2003.87.1.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/Valentine.2003.87.1.jpg.webp?itok=VoubH7_C)
February 14 has a long history as a day for friends and sweethearts to exchange tokens of affection. By the end of the...
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Virginia and Presidential Politics
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![Virginia and Presidential Politics Letter of James Monroe to George Graham](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VirginiaAndPresidentialPolitics_VHC_FW20_Mss1.G7605.a104_v1_0.jpeg.webp?itok=G-0CeCWf)
Soon after the Revolutionary War, American leaders realized that they differed in their visions of what the nation...
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Who Freed the Enslaved People?
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![Who Freed the Enslaved People? Painting of President Lincoln writing the Proclamation of Freedom by David Gilmore Blythe](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/WhoFreedTheEnslavedPeople_VHE_ATP_LC-DIG-ppmsca-18444.jpeg.webp?itok=zYcrzehk)
Two years of fighting changed what the war was about. Beginning in 1863, the North no longer fought only to save the...
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Why is there a West Virginia?
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![Why is there a West Virginia? A drawing of Confederates gathering in the Shenandoah Valley.](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/WhyIsThereAWestVirginia_VHE_ATP_IrregularTroops.2000.165.3.jpeg.webp?itok=9uWgE1j1)
Secession from Virginia was the hope of some western Virginians as early as 1829. Many western Virginians felt...
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Why Richmond?
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![Why Richmond? Alabama Twenty-Five Cent Note](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/WhyRichmond_VHE_ATP_Alabama25CentNote.jpeg.webp?itok=l01ztJgD)
Once Virginia seceded, the Confederate government moved the capital to Richmond, the South’s second largest city. The...