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Offense or Defense?
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To win the war, United States troops needed to invade and control an unfriendly South and subdue Confederate armies.
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Olaudah Equiano
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Snatched from his Ibo village in Nigeria at the age of eleven, Equiano (c. 1745-1797) was transported to Barbados...
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Political Sheet Music
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Politicians have long appreciated the value of a campaign song during an election year. A popular tune can rally the...
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Richmond in the Midst of the Civil War
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As the Confederate capital, Richmond experienced waves of change that saw the city lurch from the untidy influx of...
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Robert E. Lee after the War
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After the Civil War, Robert E. Lee left his life in the military and accepted the position of president of Washington...
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Robert Edward Lee
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Robert Edward Lee (1807–1870) was born at Stratford in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1807, the son of Revolutionary...
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Robert Knox Sneden's Dispatch Case
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Learn about the dispatch case of Civil War artist and mapmaker Robert Knox Sneden that was acquired in 2017 by the...
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Speed or Strength?
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Early in 1862, Confederate general Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson decided to “move swiftly and strike vigorously” against...
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The Battle of Five Forks
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Union victory at the Battle of Five Forks resulted in the capture of the Southside Railroad and ushered in the final...
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The Battle of Five Forks
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Learn about the Battle of Five Forks during the Civil War.
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The Deadliest Enemy?
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It wasn’t bullets, but bacteria and viruses. Antibiotics and antiviral drugs—the effective treatments against these...
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The First Modern War?
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The technology of the industrial revolution applied to the science of killing made the Civil War a turning point between...
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Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
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Jefferson sent a paper to the Virginia Convention of 1774, later published as A Summary View of the Rights of British...
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Thomas Jonathan Jackson
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Learn about "Stonewall" Jackson and read an eyewitness account of his wounding during the Civil War.
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Tom Molineaux
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Born into enslavement on a Virginia plantation, Tom Molineaux (1784–1818) fought fellow enslaved people while plantation...
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Urbanization in Virginia
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Learn about the process of urbanization in Virginia.
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Valentines
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February 14 has a long history as a day for friends and sweethearts to exchange tokens of affection. By the end of the...
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War or Murder?
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Throughout the war, both sides sought a single decisive victory long after it was clear that no such event was...
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Who Freed the Enslaved People?
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Two years of fighting changed what the war was about. Beginning in 1863, the North no longer fought only to save the...
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Who Was American?
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By 1861, the United States population was steadily growing more diverse. Most nineteenth-century immigrants settled in...