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Freedmen's Schools
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![VHE_Freedmen_Harpers Weekley cropped.jpg VHE_Freedmen_Harpers Weekley cropped.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_Freedmen_Harpers%20Weekley%20cropped.jpg.webp?itok=TmJCMsl0)
In the antebellum South, African Americans were generally prevented from receiving education. After Appomattox...
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How Did Civilians Suffer?
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![How Did Civilians Suffer? A drawing of the flight of the refugees](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/HowDidCiviliansSuffer_VHE_ATP_FamilyofVirginians.2000.165.3.jpeg.webp?itok=SDtHN186)
White women and children were left to fend for themselves, and many became widows and orphans when one in five...
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How Did Enslaved People Support the Confederacy?
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![How Did Slaves Support the Confederacy? The Burial of Latane by A.G. Campbell](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/HowDidSlavesSupportTheConfederacy_VHE_ATP_BurialofLatane.2010.1.jpeg.webp?itok=_ImXE1TN)
Enslaved and free black people provided even more labor than usual for Virginia farms when 89 percent of eligible white...
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Jacob L. "JL" Morewitz
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Jacob L. “JL” Morewitz was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1896 but raised in Norfolk, Virginia. In 1916, at the age of...
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James Jones Archive (1870s-1960s)
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With a coat of faded red paint and a crude hand-forged hasp to secure its lid, the simple pine chest – once used to...
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Jim Crow to Civil Rights in Virginia
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![Bury Jim Crow Bury Jim Crow](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_JimCrow_BuryJimCrow.jpg.webp?itok=bLk6kSKS)
Following the Civil War, black Virginians struggled to assert their independence and make freedom meaningful. In the...
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John Carter of Mars
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![Swords of Mars and Synthetic Men of Mars Swords of Mars and Synthetic Men of Mars](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/PS3503.U687.G58.1971.Cover_.jpg.webp?itok=EZ7A1juk)
Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875–1950), best known as the creator of the Tarzan books, also wrote a popular science fiction...
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Juneteenth
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![Juneteenth Flag Juneteenth Flag](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/PopCiv_Juneteenth_Flag.png.webp?itok=zFWtlf45)
Pop Civ is a series developed by the John Marshall Center for Constitutional History & Civics at the VMHC. By connecting...
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Letterhead
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![Letterhead engraving, c. 1860, of Richmond, Va., by Louis A. Ramm Letterhead engraving, c. 1860, of Richmond, Va., by Louis A. Ramm](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_Letterhead_Mss1.R7243a29.jpg.webp?itok=t1eWtOzZ)
Correspondence between individuals plays an important role in our understanding not only of how people communicated in...
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Liberated Books
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![VB360.A2.1826.Rare_.TitlePage.jpg VB360.A2.1826.Rare_.TitlePage.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VB360.A2.1826.Rare_.TitlePage.jpg.webp?itok=m_z7X3le)
During the Civil War, looting by soldiers was a common practice. The hungry soldier usually confiscated food and...
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Love and War
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Though it has torn many asunder, war has also brought people together.
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Maggie Lena Walker
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![VHE_MaggieLWalker_Teaser.jpg VHE_MaggieLWalker_Teaser.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_MaggieLWalker_Teaser.jpg.webp?itok=LGIwISLy)
Maggie Lena Walker (1864–1934) was the daughter of Elizabeth Draper, a former kitchen slave and then cook in the Civil...
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Men of Color To Arms?
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![Gold Soldier Identification Disc Gold Soldier Identification Disc](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/Men%20of%20Color%20To%20Arms_VHE_ATP_TurnerIDdisk.PHP_.verso_silhouette.jpg.webp?itok=-Gmic8kn)
When the war began, many black Americans—North and South—volunteered to serve as soldiers. United by a belief in black...
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Murals Inspired by the Story of Virginia
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![Still Relevant by Ed Trask Ed Trask paints a mural of flowers](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/FreshPaint_StillRelevant_DSC0887_e1%20copy.jpg.webp?itok=vx9S_GnP)
Richmond is now home to more than 100 outdoor murals, and this popular form of artwork reflects the city’s modernity and...
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Nancy Langhorne Shaw Astor
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![VHE_NancyLanghorneShawAstor_Teaser.jpg VHE_NancyLanghorneShawAstor_Teaser.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_NancyLanghorneShawAstor_Teaser.jpg.webp?itok=VFAVF_yS)
Viscountess Astor (1879–1964) was the first woman to take a seat in the British House of Commons. Nancy was born in...
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Offense or Defense?
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![Offense or Defense? Captain William T. Haskell's Sash](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/OffenseOrDefense_VHE_ATP_sash.jpeg.webp?itok=Om7UC6ko)
To win the war, United States troops needed to invade and control an unfriendly South and subdue Confederate armies.
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Opiate Addiction in the Civil War's Aftermath
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![Opiate Addiction in the Civil War's Aftermath Stereocard,“Hospital at Fredericksburg, Va., May, 1864”](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/OpiateAddictionintheCivilWar_HospitalFredericksburg.2002.460.123.jpeg.webp?itok=nnwIOLLE)
In the Civil War’s wake, thousands of veterans became addicted to morphine and opium, medicines used to treat painful...
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Oysters in Virginia
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![VHE_Oysters_OysterCan_Teaser.jpg VHE_Oysters_OysterCan_Teaser.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_Oysters_OysterCan_Teaser.jpg.webp?itok=2BC7sR7V)
Learn about the history of oyster in Virginia's food culture, tourism, and economy.
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Political Sheet Music
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![Never Swap Horses When You're Crossing a Stream Never Swap Horses When You're Crossing a Stream](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_Political%20music_NeverSwapHorses.jpg.webp?itok=wXxa00If)
Politicians have long appreciated the value of a campaign song during an election year. A popular tune can rally the...
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Proud American Day program
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![VHE_NegroHistoryWeek_Teaser.jpg VHE_NegroHistoryWeek_Teaser.jpg](/sites/default/files/styles/fp_landscape_768x576/public/VHE_NegroHistoryWeek_Teaser.jpg.webp?itok=AfDcfCor)
Learn about the beginning of Black History Month.